What Is Pain? -- Evaluating Pain in Children -- The Hypothesis Testing Model -- Developing an Operational Definition of the Child's Pain Problem -- The Child's Perspective -- The Family Context -- The Medical Context in Which the Pain Problem Occurs -- The Social Context -- Generating Hypotheses Regarding Physical Contributors to the Child's Pain -- Generating Hypotheses Regarding the Child's Physical Pain -- Generating Hypotheses Regarding Cognitive and Emotional Contributors to the Child's Pain -- Is the Child's Attention Focused on the Pain? -- Is Anxiety or Stress Exacerbating the Child's Pain? -- Does the Child Engage in Self-Defeating Thinking about the Pain? -- Does the Pain Have Significant Emotional Meaning for the Child? -- Is the Caregiver's Emotional or Cognitive Status Interfering with His/Her Ability to Help the Child Manage the Pain? -- Generating Hypotheses Regarding Behavioral Contributors to the Child's Pain -- Pain Behavior in Children -- To What Degree Is the Child's Pain Behavior Positively Reinforced? -- To What Degree Is the Child's Pain Behavior Negatively Reinforced? -- Is Adaptive Behavior Inadequately Reinforced or Actually Punished? -- Does the Child Lack the Skills Necessary to Perform the Adaptive Behavior(s)? -- Adult Responses to the Child's Pain -- Developing an Evaluation Plan -- Measuring the Child's Pain -- Location of Pain -- Intensity of Pain -- Frequency of Pain -- Duration of Pain -- Quality of Pain -- Pain-Free Periods -- Goals of Assessment -- Testing Hypotheses Regarding Physical Contributors to the Child's Pain -- Is the Child Receiving Less than Optimal Pain Medication? -- Are Medications that Are Likely to Help the Child's Pain Not Being Used? -- Are Pain Medications Being Administered Inappropriately or in a Less than Ideal Manner? -- Are Other Physical Factors Exacerbating the Child's Pain? -- Testing Hypotheses Regarding Cognitive and Emotional Contributors to the Child's Pain -- Is the Child's Attention Focused on the Pain? -- Is Anxiety or Stress Exacerbating the Child's Pain? -- Does the Child Engage in Self-Defeating Thinking about the Pain? -- Does the Pain Have Significant Emotional Meaning for the Child? -- Is the Caregiver's Emotional or Cognitive Status Interfering with His/Her Ability to Assist the Child in Managing the Pain? -- Testing Hypotheses Regarding Behavioral Contributors to the Child's Pain -- The Child's Pain Behaviors and Pain Coping Behaviors -- Adult Responses to the Child -- Case Example -- Treating Physical Contributors to the Child's Pain -- Problem: The Child Is Receiving Less than Optimal Pain Medication -- Recommend Consideration of a Stronger or Different Medication -- Problem: Other Physical Factors Are Exacerbating the Child's Pain -- Treating Cognitive and Emotional Contributors to the Child's Pain -- Problem: The Child's Attention Is Focused on the Pain -- Problem: Anxiety Is Exacerbating the Child's Pain -- Problem: The Child Engages in Self-Defeating Thinking about the Pain -- Problem: The Pain Has Specific Meaning for the Child -- Problem: The Caregiver's Emotional Status Is Interfering with His/Her Ability to Help the Child Manage the Pain -- Treating Behavioral Contributors to the Child's Pain -- Provide a Rationale for Changing Existing Contingencies that the Child and Family Can Understand and Accept -- Define the Target Behaviors -- Problem: The Child's Pain Behaviors Are Positively Reinforced -- Problem: The Child's Pain Behavior Is Negatively Reinforced -- Problem: The Child's Adaptive Behavior Is Punished or Inadequately Reinforced -- Problem: The Child Lacks Skills Necessary to Perform Adaptive Behaviors -- Case Example -- Working with the Parent and the Health Care System -- Problem: The Adult's Problematic Behavior Is Positively Reinforced -- Problem: The Adult's Problematic Behavior Is Negatively Reinforced -- Problem: Appropriate Adult Behavior Is Inadequately Reinforced or Punished -- Problem: The Adult Lacks the Skills Needed to Deal More Effectively with the Child -- Implementing the Pain Management Program -- Establish a Therapeutic Contract -- Establish the Immediate and Long-Range Goals of Treatment -- Determine the Means by Which Treatment Efficacy Will Be Measured -- Plan and Implement the Pain Management Intervention -- Conduct an Ongoing Evaluation of Treatment Effectiveness -- Revise the Treatment Plan if Necessary -- Case Example -- Concluding Comments -- References -- Appendix A. Generating Hypotheses/Evaluation Planning Worksheet -- Appendix B. Treatment Planning Worksheet -- Appendix C. Peer Interaction Record (PIR) -- Appendix D. Selected Readings.