1 Transformation, Nostalgia, And Illusion In Public Life And Public Place -- Assumptions about Public Life and Public Environments -- About Public Life -- The Citizen of Affairs -- The Citizen of Commerce and Pleasure -- The Familiar Citizen -- Public Life and Public Places: A Panoramic Mini-History -- Loss of Categorical Distinctions between Public and Private Realms -- Intrusions of the Public into the Private Realm -- Loss of Life in the Street -- Intrusions of the Private Realm into the Public One -- Loss of Categorical Distinctions between Government and Business -- Future Directions of Research, Design, and Policy -- References -- 2 Perception, Cognition, And Evaluation Of Urban Places -- Urban Public Places -- Cognitive and Esthetic Quality -- Urban Cognition -- Urban Esthetics -- Design/Planning Recommendations -- Future Directions of Research -- Conclusion -- References -- 3 Farmers' Markets As Community Events -- Benefits -- Functional Requirements -- Linkage to Other Open-Space Programs -- The Future of Farmers' Markets -- Future Directions of Research -- References -- 4 Playgrounds At The Crossroads: Policy and Action Research Needed to Ensure A Viable Future forPublic Playgrounds in The United States -- Playground Research Findings -- Future Directions for Research and Policy in the Planning, Design, and Management of Public Playgrounds -- Appendix: Play Setting Research Recommendations -- References -- 5 Women and Urban PublicSpace: Research, Design, and Policy Issues -- Theoretical and Historical Overview -- Contemporary Context for Women's Use of Public Space -- Conceptual Framework for Studying Women's Use of Public Space -- Future Directions for Education, Policy, and Design -- Epilogue -- References -- 6 Control as a Dimension of Public-Space Quality -- Public Space and Urban Life -- The Changing Face of Public Space -- The Publics of Public Space -- Control as an Environmental Concept -- Control as a Psychological Construct -- Control as a Participation Concept -- Control of Public Space: A Definition and Conceptual Framework -- Control in the Public Landscape: The Example of Gardening -- Some Control Issues with Respect to Public Space -- Some Design and Management Opportunities for Increasing Control in Public Space -- Future Directions for Research and Design -- Conclusions -- References -- 7 The Emergence of Environment-Behavior Research in Zoological Parks -- Historical Context of Zoological Park Development -- The Contemporary Context of Zoological Parks -- Design and Environment-Behavior Relationships -- Future Directions of Research -- References -- 8 Urban Parks: Research, Planning, and Social Change -- The Context for Change -- Behavior-Based Trends in Park Planning -- Case Study: A Large Multiuse Urban Park -- Case Study: Lowell, Massachusetts, Urban Historical Park -- Future Directions for Design Research -- References -- 9 The Attractiveness and Use of Aquatic Environments as Outdoor Recreation Places -- Special Characteristics of Aquatic Environments That Frame the Transaction -- Characteristics of Participants Engaged in the Transaction -- Contextual Influences on Transactions -- Future Directions of Research -- References -- 10 Managing Parks as Human Ecosystems -- Key Assumptions -- The Roots of Human Ecology -- The Human Ecological Perspective -- The Human Ecology of Parks -- People as a Dominant in Parks -- Modeling Park Ecosystems to Include Humans -- Future Directions in Research -- Conclusion -- References -- 11 Solitude for the Multitudes: Managing Recreational Use in the Wilderness -- Historical Evolution of the Wilderness Concept -- The Dilemma of Wilderness Management -- A Generalized Model of Privacy and Crowding -- The Recreational Carrying Capacity Model -- Appropriate Levels of Others -- Appropriate Behavior of Others -- Crowding as Evidence of Others -- Future Directions for Practice, Policy, and Research -- Managing Crowding in Wilderness Settings -- Future Directions of Research -- References.