Culture in classical social theory -- Culture and social integration in the work of Talcott Parsons -- Culture as ideology in western marxism -- Culture as action in symbolic interactionism, phenomenology, and ethnomethodology -- The Durkheimians : ritual, classification, and the sacred -- Structuralism and the semiotic analysis of culture -- The poststructural turn -- Culture, structure, and agency : three attempts at synthesis -- British cultural studies -- The production and reception of culture -- Culture as text : narrative and hermeneutics -- Psychoanalytic approaches to culture and the self -- The cultural analysis of postmodernism and postmodernity -- Postmodern and poststructural critical theory -- Cultural theories of race and gender -- The body in cultural theory.