PART I. INTRODUCTION TO SURGICAL SIMULATION -- Historical Perspective -- Overview of Simulation in Surgery -- A Taxonomy Guide for Surgical Simulation -- Principles of Validity -- Equipping and Staffing a Surgical Simulation Center -- Funding Models for a Surgical Simulation Center -- PART II: PROCEDURAL SIMULATION -- Outcome-based Training and the Role of Simulation -- Skill Maintenance, Remediation, and Reentry -- Performance Assessment -- Performance Optimization -- Use of Simulation in High-Stakes Summative Assessments in Surgery -- PART III: SIMULATION FOR NON-TECHNICAL SKILLS -- Making It Stick: Keys to Effective Feedback and Debriefing in Surgical Education -- The Science and Training of Expert Operating Room Teams -- Human Factors Psychology in Surgery -- PART IV. SUBSPECIALTIES OF SURGERY - STATE OF THE ART -- Simulation in General Surgery -- Simulation in Laparoscopic Surgery -- Simulation in Robotic Surgery -- Simulation in Surgical Endoscopy -- Simulation in Surgical Oncology and Hepato-Pancreatico-Biliary Surgery -- Simulation in Bariatric Surgery -- Simulation in Critical Care -- Simulation in Cardiothoracic Surgery -- Simulation in Otolarygology -- Simulation in Urology -- Simulation in Ophthalmology -- Simulation in Vascular Surgery -- Simulation in Transplant Surgery -- Simulation in Plastic Surgery -- Simulation in Orthopaedic Surgery -- Simulation in Obstetrics and Gynecology -- Part V. CONCLUSION -- The Future of Surgical Simulation.