Title page; Table of Contents; Copyright; Contributors; Preface; Chapter One: The Importance of Being Modified: The Role of RNA Modifications in Translational Fidelity; Abstract; 1 Introduction; 2 Human Mitochondrial tRNAMet Decodes the 1:3 Degenerate Codon Box; 3 tRNA Decoding of the Twofold, 2:2, Degenerate Codon Box; 4 tRNA Decoding of Codon Fourfold Degeneracy; 5 Three Amino Acids Are Encoded by Six Synonymous Codons Each; 6 Posttranscriptional Modification of tRNA Is Required for Accurate and Efficient Decoding; Acknowledgment

Chapter Two: The Evolution of Substrate Specificity by tRNA Modification EnzymesAbstract; 1 Introduction; 2 The Problem of tRNA Recognition; 3 Deaminases That Target tRNA; 4 The Diversity of RNA Methylations, Methyltransferases, and Their Modes of tRNA Binding; 5 Sequence vs Structural Determinants for Specificity; 6 Preexisting Modifications and Their Requirement for Specificity; 7 Multisubunit Methyltransferases; 8 Pseudouridine Synthases; 9 Classification of RNA Pseudouridine Synthases and the Conserved Catalytic Core Domain; 10 RNA Binding: Contributions From Peripheral Domains

11 Multisubstrate Specificity of Pseudouridine Synthases12 Conclusion; Acknowledgments; Chapter Three: TrmD: A Methyl Transferase for tRNA Methylation With m1G37; Abstract; 1 Introduction; 2 Global Structure of TrmD; 3 The Trefoil Knot of TrmD and Mutations in the Knot; 4 Synthesis of m1G37-tRNA by TrmD; 5 Ribosome Frameshifting in the Absence of TrmD; 6 Mg2+ Dependence for Methyl Transfer; 7 Regulation of Mg2+ Transport in Salmonella; 8 Conclusion; Acknowledgments; Chapter Four: Structures and Activities of the Elongator Complex and Its Cofactors; Abstract

1 Yeast Elongator: tRNA-Modifying Complex2 Elongator in Other Eukaryotes; 3 Proteins Required for Wobble Uridine Modification; 4 Concluding Remarks; Acknowledgments; Chapter Five: Posttranscriptional RNA Pseudouridylation; Abstract; 1 Introduction; 2 Mechanism of Pseudouridylation; 3 Structure of Box H/ACA RNP; 4 Three Elements Required for Box H/ACA RNP Activity; 5 Experimental Systems to Study Pseudouridylation; 6 Inducible Pseudouridylation; 7 mRNA Pseudouridylation; 8 Concluding Remarks; Acknowledgments

Chapter Six: Synthesis, Function, and Heterogeneity of snoRNA-Guided Posttranscriptional Nucleoside Modifications in Eukaryotic Ribosomal RNAsAbstract; 1 Introduction; 2 Inventory of rRNA Nucleoside Modifications and snoRNAs in Yeast and Mammals; 3 Structure of s(no)RNPs and Mode of Catalysis; 4 Role of rRNA Nucleoside Modifications in Ribosome Function; 5 Emergence of the Concept of Heterogeneous/Specialized Ribosomes; Chapter Seven: Adenosine Deaminases That Act on RNA (ADARs); Abstract; 1 Introduction; 2 Occurrence of Inosine in RNA; 3 Adenosine Deaminases That Act on RNA (ADARs)