Front Cover -- Nonmotor Parkinson's: The Hidden Face: Management and the Hidden Face of Related Disorders -- Copyright -- Contents -- Contributors -- Prefaces -- Message from Professor Günther Deuschl, Europoean Academy of Neurology -- Message from Professor Christopher G. Goetz, International Parkinson's and Movement Disorders Society -- The Editors Words -- Section 2B: Specific Nonmotor Symptoms in Parkinson's Disease, Part 2 -- Chapter Twenty-Five: Autonomic Dysfunction in Parkinson's Disease: Cardiovascular Symptoms, Thermoregulation, and Urogen ... -- 1. Introduction -- 2. Cardiovascular Symptoms -- 2.1. Blood Pressure and Pulse Reaction in Orthostasis -- 2.2. Influence of the Parkinson Therapy on Cardiovascular Regulation -- 2.3. Therapeutic Possibilities for Cardiovascular Problems -- 3. Thermoregulation Symptoms (Perspiration-Related Symptoms) -- 3.1. Therapy for Disturbances in Perspiration -- 4. Urinary Symptoms -- 4.1. Disturbances of Micturition -- 4.2. Urinary Incontinence -- 4.3. Therapy of Bladder Disturbances -- 5. Conclusion -- References -- Chapter Twenty-Six: The Gut and Nonmotor Symptoms in Parkinson's Disease -- 1. Introduction -- 2. GI Symptoms in PD -- 3. The Gut as Part of the Pathological Process in PD -- 4. The Gut-Brain Connection -- 5. Conclusion -- Acknowledgments -- References -- Chapter Twenty-Seven: Constipation in Parkinson's Disease -- 1. Introduction -- 2. Constipation: A Prodromal Sign and a Risk Factor for PD -- 3. Microbiota and SIBO -- 4. Definition and Diagnostic Criteria -- 5. Epidemiology -- 6. Pathophysiology -- 7. Diagnosis -- 8. Motor Fluctuations and Constipation -- 9. Treatment (Table 3) -- 9.1. Newer Agents -- 9.2. Dyssinergic Defecation -- 10. Acute Emergency Admission -- References -- Further Reading -- Chapter Twenty-Eight: Understanding and Treating Pain Syndromes in Parkinson's Disease.

1. Background -- 2. Pain Pathophysiology in People With PD -- 3. Evaluation of Pain Syndromes in People With PD -- 4. Procedures for Treating Pain in People With PD -- 5. Pharmacological Therapy -- 6. Surgical Approaches -- 7. Rehabilitation -- 8. Conclusions -- References -- Further Reading -- Chapter Twenty-Nine: Sexual Dysfunctions in Parkinson's Disease: An Underrated Problem in a Much Discussed Disorder -- 1. Parkinson's Disease and Hypersexuality -- 2. Neurobiology of HS in PD -- 3. Assessment and Investigation of SDs in Parkinson's Disease -- 4. Management of SDs in Parkinson's Disease -- 5. Concluding Remarks -- References -- Chapter Thirty: Osteoporosis: A Hidden Nonmotor Face of Parkinson's Disease -- 1. Introduction -- 1.1. Osteoporosis and Other NMS of PD -- 1.2. Why PD Patients Are More at Risk of Osteoporosis? -- 2. Diagnosis and Treatment -- 3. Conclusions -- References -- Further Reading -- Chapter Thirty-One: Weight in Parkinson's Disease: Phenotypical Significance -- 1. Introduction -- 2. Body Weight Homeostasis and Changes in PD (Fig. 1) -- 3. Weight Measurement -- 4. Body Weight Status and Change in PD -- 4.1. Weight as a Risk Factor for PD -- 4.2. Weight Profile in PD -- 5. Changes in Body Weight in PD (Fig. 1) -- 6. Weight Gain and Obesity in PD -- 6.1. Dopaminergic System -- 6.2. Atypical Neuroleptics -- 6.3. Deep Brain Stimulation -- 6.4. Mechanism of Weight Gain After DBS -- 6.5. Other Potential Mechanisms for Weight Gain -- 7. Weight Loss in PD -- 7.1. Why Do Some PD Patients Lose Weight? -- 7.1.1. Nutritional Intake-Dysphagia and Motor Dexterity -- 7.1.2. Hormonal Factors -- 7.1.3. Energy Balance-Intake and Expenditure and Nutrition -- 7.1.4. Disease Severity -- 7.1.5. Gender and Age -- 7.1.6. Olfaction -- 7.1.7. Dementia/Depression/Hallucination -- 7.1.8. Structural Changes and Sarcopenia -- 7.1.9. Dopaminergic Medication.

8. Significance of Low Body Weight and Weight Loss in PD -- 8.1. Nutritional Status, Frailty, and General Health -- 8.1.1. Body Weight and Dyskinesia -- 8.1.2. Weight-Related Gender Differences for Dyskinesia -- 8.1.3. Body Weight and Mortality and Quality of Life -- 9. Identifying Weight-Loser PD Patients-The Park-Olfaction-Weight Phenotype? -- 10. Conclusions -- 11. Recommendations and Implications on Disease Management -- References -- Further Reading -- Chapter Thirty-Two: Visual Dysfunction in Parkinson's Disease -- 1. Introduction -- 2. Dopamine Pathways in Eye and Brain -- 3. Neuropathological Changes -- 4. Visual Dysfunction in PD -- 4.1. Visual Acuity -- 4.2. Color Vision -- 4.3. Visual Fields -- 4.4. Eye Movement -- 4.5. Stereopsis -- 4.6. Nystagmus -- 4.7. Blink Reflex -- 4.8. Pupil Reactivity -- 4.9. Contrast Sensitivity -- 4.10. Electroencephalography -- 4.11. Electroretinogram -- 4.12. Visual Evoked Potentials -- 4.13. Event-Related Potentials -- 4.14. Complex Visual Functions -- 4.15. Rapid Eye Movement Sleep Behavior Disorder -- 4.16. Visual Hallucinations -- 5. Discussion and Conclusions -- 5.1. Visual Features of PD -- 5.2. Differential Diagnosis -- 5.3. Visual Care of the Patient -- References -- Chapter Thirty-Three: Nonmotor Fluctuations in Parkinson's Disease -- 1. Epidemiology and Risk Factors of NMF -- 2. Clinical Presentation of NMF -- 2.1. Neuropsychiatric Symptoms -- 2.2. Autonomic Symptoms -- 2.3. Sensory Symptoms and Pain -- 2.4. Sleep and Fatigue -- 3. NMF and QoL -- 4. Pathophysiology of NMF -- 5. Management of NMF -- 5.1. Assessment Tools for NMS and NMF -- 5.2. Treatment of NMF -- Acknowledgments -- References -- Chapter Thirty-Four: Acute Presentation of Nonmotor Symptoms in Parkinson's Disease -- 1. Introduction -- 2. Neuroleptic Malignant Syndrome -- 3. Serotonin Syndrome -- 4. Dopamine Agonist Withdrawal Syndrome.

5. Dystonic Storm -- 6. Conclusion -- References -- Section 3: Therapeutics and Nonmotor Symptoms in Parkinson's Disease -- Chapter Thirty-Five: Nonmotor Effects of Conventional and Transdermal Dopaminergic Therapies in Parkinson's Disease -- 1. Introduction -- 2. The Effect of Dopaminergic Therapies on NMS -- 2.1. Neuropsychiatric Symptoms -- 2.1.1. Depression -- 2.1.2. Anxiety -- 2.1.3. Apathy -- 2.1.4. Cognitive Impairment and Dementia -- 2.2. Autonomic Dysfunction -- 2.2.1. Gastrointestinal Dysfunction -- 2.2.2. Sexual Dysfunction -- 2.2.3. Urinary Dysfunction -- 2.3. Sleep Disorders -- 2.3.1. RBD -- 2.3.2. Restless Legs Syndrome and Periodic Limb Movement Disorder -- 2.3.3. Insomnia -- 2.4. Sensory Symptoms -- 2.4.1. Pain -- 2.4.2. Olfactory Dysfunction -- 2.5. Other Symptoms -- 2.5.1. Fatigue -- 3. The Unwanted Effect of Dopaminergic Therapies on NMS -- 3.1. Psychiatric and Behavioral NMS -- 3.1.1. Impulse Control Disorder -- 3.1.2. Punding -- 3.1.3. Psychosis -- 3.2. Other NMS -- 3.2.1. Orthostatic Hypotension -- 3.2.2. Excessive Daytime Sleepiness -- 3.2.3. Fibrotic Reactions With Ergot Dopamine Agonists -- 3.2.4. Peripheral Edema -- 4. Conclusions -- Acknowledgments -- References -- Chapter Thirty-Six: Infusional Therapies, Continuous Dopaminergic Stimulation, and Nonmotor Symptoms -- 1. Introduction -- 2. Background: Subcutaneous Apomorphine Infusion -- 2.1. Methodology -- 2.2. The Effect on Motor Symptoms -- 2.3. The Effect on Quality of Life -- 2.4. Safety -- 2.5. The Indications, the Contraindications, and the "Ideal" Patient -- 3. Effects on Nonmotor PD Symptoms -- 3.1. Effect of CSA on Total Nonmotor Symptom Burden -- 3.2. Apomorphine and Neuropsychiatric Symptoms -- 3.3. Apomorphine and Gastrointestinal Symptoms -- 3.4. Apomorphine and Sleep -- 3.5. Apomorphine and Sensory Symptoms.

3.6. Apomorphine and Urinary and Sexual Dysfunction -- 3.7. Apomorphine and Impulse Control Disorders -- 4. Background: Levodopa-Carbidopa Intestinal Gel -- 4.1. Methodology -- 4.2. The Effect on Motor Symptoms -- 4.3. The Effect on Quality of Life -- 4.4. Safety -- 4.5. The Indications, the Contraindications, and the "Ideal" Patient -- 5. LCIG: Effects on Nonmotor PD Symptoms -- 5.1. Effect of LCIG on Total Nonmotor Symptom Burden -- 5.2. LCIG and Neuropsychiatric Symptoms -- 5.3. LCIG and Gastrointestinal Symptoms -- 5.4. LCIG and Sleep -- 5.5. LCIG and Sensory Symptoms -- 5.6. LCIG and Urinary and Sexual Dysfunction -- 5.7. LCIG and Impulse Control Disorders -- 6. Conclusions -- References -- Chapter Thirty-Seven: Deep Brain Stimulation and Nonmotor Symptoms -- 1. Introduction -- 2. Nonmotor Outcomes of DBS -- 3. Neurobehavioral Profiles and DBS -- 3.1. Cognition -- 3.2. Neuropsychiatric Complications -- 3.2.1. Emotional Reactivity, Depression, and Anxiety -- 3.2.2. Apathy -- 3.2.3. Hypomania -- 3.2.4. Psychosis/Hallucinations -- 3.2.5. Impulsive Behavior -- 3.2.6. Managing Expectations -- 4. Autonomic Dysfunction -- 4.1. Orthostatic Hypotension -- 4.2. Constipation -- 4.3. Urinary Dysfunction -- 5. Sleep Disorders -- 5.1. Insomnia, EDS, and Sleep Quality -- 5.2. REM Sleep Behavior Disorder -- 5.3. Restless Legs Syndrome/Periodic Leg Movements Disorder -- 6. Sensory Symptoms -- References -- Further Reading -- Chapter Thirty-Eight: Noninvasive Brain Stimulation and Implications for Nonmotor Symptoms in Parkinson's Disease -- 1. Methods -- 2. Results -- 3. Discussion -- Acknowledgment -- References -- Chapter Thirty-Nine: Botulinum Toxin Therapy for Nonmotor Aspects of Parkinson's Disease -- 1. Introduction -- 2. BoNT for Drooling -- 2.1. Prevalence -- 2.2. Mechanisms -- 2.3. Assessment -- 2.4. Therapy -- 2.5. BoNT Injections: Technical Aspects.