1 The Problem of Expression -- 1. Introduction -- 2. Knowledge -- 3. Assessing Knowledge -- 4. What Determines Expression? -- 5. Examples of the Problem -- 6. Retrieval of Memories -- 7. References -- 2 Memory, Amnesia, and the Episodic/Semantic Distinction -- 1. Introduction -- 2. Episodic and Semantic Memory -- 3. Organic Amnesia -- 4. Hypnotic Amnesia -- 5. Functional Retrograde Amnesia -- 6. Concluding Comments -- 7. References -- 3 A Conditioning Analysis of Infant Memory: How Do We Know They Know What We Know They Knew? -- 1. Introduction -- 2. The Inference of Memory Processing and Retention -- 3. A Conditioning Analysis of Infant Memory -- 4. Forgotten But Not Gone: The Reactivation of Infant Memory -- 5. Summary and Conclusions -- 6. References -- 4 Memory Retrieval Failures Produced by Changes in Drug State -- 1. Introduction -- 2. Common Drug Effects on Learning and Retention -- 3. A Conceptual History of State-Dependent Retrieval -- 4. Recent Evidence about the Mechanism of SDR and DDS -- 5. References -- 5 Neuropeptides and Memory -- 1. Introduction -- 2. Pro-opio-melanocortin fragments, Memory, and Cognition -- 3. Hypothalamic Neurosecretory Peptides in Memory and Cognition -- 4. Are Neuropeptides Indispensable for Memory and Cognition? -- 5. Conclusion -- 6. References -- 6 Memory, Remembering, and Amnesia -- 1. Introduction -- 2. On Ribot's and Robbins's Principles -- 3. On the Theory of Long-Term Decay -- 4. On the Theory of Memorial Displacement -- 5. On the Theory of Trace Amalgamation -- 6. On the Theory of Distributed Storage -- 7. On Storage of Completely Latent Memories -- 8. On the Functions of the Prefrontal Cortex -- 9. On the Functions of the Temporal Neocortex -- 10. Conclusion -- 11. References -- 7 The Hippocampus and the Expression of Knowledge -- 1. Introduction: Summational and Retrieval Processes -- 2. The Hippocampus and Memory -- 3. Hippocampal Ablation in Animals: An Overview -- 4. Conditional Operations -- 5. Retrieval during Acquisition -- 6. Dimensions -- 7. Transformations -- 8. Relations between Conditional and Summational Systems -- 9. Summary -- 10. References -- 8 Motivation, Activation, and Behavioral Integration -- 1. Introduction -- 2. Behavioral Fragmentation and Reintegration Following Lateral Hypothalamic Damage -- 3. Sensory Neglect: An Activational Deficit -- 4. Recovery of Motivated Behavior -- 5. Hypothalamic Activation of Patterned Reflexes -- 6. The Role of Activation in Development -- 7. Activation and Changing Concepts of the Reticular Formation -- 8. Conclusions -- 9. References -- 9 Neurochemical Consequences of Stress: Intrusion of Nonassociative Factors in Behavioral Analysis -- 1. Introduction -- 2. Stress and Avoidance Behavior -- 3. Escape Behavior -- 4. Stress and Neurochemical Change -- 5. Pharmacological Manipulations and Avoidance Performance -- 6. Pharmacological Manipulations and Escape Behavior -- 7. Analgesia -- 8. Summary -- 9. References -- 10 Lateralization of Emotional or Behavioral Responses in Intact and Hemisphere-Damaged Humans and Rats -- 1. Introduction -- 2. Noncortical Areas Involved in Human Emotion -- 3. Human Hemispheric Specialization in Normals -- 4. Human Clinicopathological Correlations -- 5. Animal Studies and Lateralization -- 6. Conclusions -- 7. References -- 11 Neural and Mental Capacities -- 1. Introduction -- 2. Habits -- 3. Automatic and Voluntary Acts -- 4. Motor Systems and Mental Activity -- 5. Brain Damage and Performance -- 6. Frustration-Induced Perseveration -- 7. A Mental Currency -- 8. Brain Damage and Mental Capacities -- 9. Reprise -- 10. References.