Part I -- Commercial production of astaxanthin by Haematococcus, a green alga -- Commercial production of astaxanthin with Paracoccus carotinifaciens -- Production of carotenoids from cultivated seaweed -- Carotenoid metabolism in aquatic animals -- Carotenoid metabolism in terrestrial animals -- Metabolism of carotenoids in mammals -- Diversity and evolution of carotenoid biosynthesis from prokaryotes to plants -- Engineered maize hybrids with diverse carotenoid profiles and potential applications in animal feeding -- Carotenoid biosynthesis in liverworts -- Metabolic engineeringforcarotenoid productionusing eukaryotic microalgae and prokaryotic cyanobacteria -- Xanthophyllomycesdendrorhous, a versatile platform for the production of carotenoids and other acetyl-CoA derived compounds -- Carotenoid production in oleaginous yeasts -- Haloarchaea: a promising biosource for carotenoid production -- Carotenoid biosynthesis in the phylum Actinobacteria -- When carotenoid biosynthesis genes metEscherichia coli - the early days and these days -- Pathway engineering using Escherichia colitoproducecommercialized carotenoids -- Carotenoid production in Escherichia coli- Case of acyclic carotenoids -- Fecal microflora from dragonflies and its microorganisms producing carotenoids -- Carotenoid biosynthesis in animals -Case of arthropods -- Part II -- Molecular mechanisms of nonalcholic fatty liver disease (NAFLD)/ nonalcoholic steatohepatitis (NASH) -- Prevention of NAFLD/NASH by astaxanthin and β-cryptoxanthin Therapeutic potential of astaxanthin in diabetic kidney disease -- Extensive Bioactivity of Astaxanthin from Haematococcus pluvialis in Human -- β-Cryptoxanthin from Satsuma mandarin and its multiple functions Health-promoting functions of the marine carotenoid fucoxanthin -- Biological activities of paprika carotenoids, capsanthin and capsorubin.