Introduction of aptamer and SELEX -- Aptamers as molecular probing or medical imaging agents -- Development of aptamer based pharmaceuticals -- Aptamers for drug delivery or controlled release -- Aptamers for point-of-care testing schemes -- Aptamer based medical devices -- Aptamers for personalized therapeutics -- Aptamer for targeted therapy -- Aptamers for the diagnosis of malign tumors -- Aptamers for the diagnosis of cardiovascular diseases -- Aptamers for the diagnosis of infectious diseases -- Aptamers for the diagnosis of autoimmune diseases -- Aptamers for the diagnosis of neurodegenerative disease -- Aptamer focused research frontiers of medical significance (exosomes, native-MS, artificial genetic alphabet, computational prediction, stem-cell, aptamer crystallology, aptamer microarrays etc.) -- Perspectives of aptamers for medical applications.