The Observational Climate Record -- A Focus on Climate During the Past 100 Years -- From the Bottom to the Stratosphere Arctic Climate Features as Seen from the First International Polar Year (1882-1883) Until the End of World War II -- Arctic Sea Ice Data Sets in the Context of Climate Change During the 20th Century -- The Evolving SST Record from ICOADS -- Upper-air Temperature Trends: Current Problems and Some Recent Results -- Atmospheric Reanalyses and Climate Variations -- Constructing Climate Quality Atmospheric Temperatures from Satellite Microwave Measurements -- Total Ozone Observations During the Past 80 Years -- Climate Trends: Forcings and Processes -- Arctic Sea Ice Variability During the Last Half Century -- Decadal Changes in Surface Radiative Fluxes and Their Role in Global Climate Change -- Observed Interdecadal Changes in Cloudiness: Real or Spurious? -- The Role of Land-Atmosphere Interactions for Climate Variability in Europe -- Aerosol Effects on Precipitation Locally and Globally -- Climate Variability and Extremes -- Human Activity and Climate Change in Africa -- Impacts of Climate Variability, Trends and NAO on 20th Century European Plant Phenology -- Summer Heat Waves in Western Europe, Their Past Change and Future Projections -- Distribution Changes of Seasonal Mean Temperature in Observations and Climate Change Scenarios -- Chemical Changes and the Variability of the Stratosphere -- Long-term Tropospheric Ozone Trends: A Critical Review -- Simulation of Long-term Evolution of Stratospheric Dynamics and Chemistry: Role of Natural and Anthropogenic Forcings -- Dynamical Changes in the Arctic and Antarctic Stratosphere During Spring -- Creating Knowledge from the Confrontation of Observations and Models: The Case of Stratospheric Ozone -- Response of the Earth's Atmosphere to the Solar Irradiance Variability -- Stratospheric Ozone Variations Caused by Solar Proton Events Between 1963 and 2005 -- Sunspots, the QBO, and the Stratosphere in the North Polar Region: An Update.