Conceptual Framework -- Conceptual Framework -- Treaties and their Requirements -- Arms Control and Non-Proliferation Treaties: An Ontology of Concepts and Characteristics -- International Atomic Energy Agency Safeguards under the Treaty on the Non-Proliferation of Nuclear Weapons: Challenges in Implementation -- Verification under the Chemical Weapons Convention -- Biological Weapons Convention -- Comprehensive Nuclear-Test-Ban Treaty Verification -- Treaty on Conventional Forces in Europe -- Developing the Climate Change Regime: The Role of Verification -- Field Experience -- Experience and Challenges in Weapons of Mass Destruction Treaty Verification: A Comparative View -- A Concrete Experience: The Iraq Case -- Beyond Iraq: The New Challenges to the Nuclear Non Proliferation Regime -- Formal Models of Verification -- Formal Models of Verification -- Systems and Linkages - Crosscutting -- Civil Reconnaissance Satellites: Opportunities and Challenges -- Change Detection: The Potential for Nuclear Safeguards -- Aspects of Networking: Experience from Global Monitoring for Security and Stability -- Environmental Sample Analysis -- Tracing the Origin of Diverted or Stolen Nuclear Material through Nuclear Forensic Investigations -- Information Collection and Analysis -- The Information Infrastructure of a Treaty Monitoring System -- The International Level -- Open Source Information Collection, Processing and Applications -- The National Level -- Emerging Verification Technologies -- Advanced Sensor Technologies -- Monitoring Reactors with Cubic Meter Scale Antineutrino Detectors -- Digital Verification Techniques in the Nuclear Safeguards System: Status and Perspectives -- Emerging Verification Technologies -- A Sustainable Approach for Developing Treaty Enforcement Instrumentation -- Perspectives and Conclusions -- Continuity and Change in International Verification Regimes -- Improving Verification: Trends and Perspectives for Research -- Concluding Remarks.