PART I. INTRODUCTION TO SIMULATION IN NEUROSURGERY -- 1. History of Simulation -- PART II. PHYSCIAL MODELS SIMULATION -- 2. Ventriculostomy Simulation in Neurosurgery -- 3. Physical Simulators and Replicators in Endovascular Neurosurgery Training -- 4. 3D Printed Models in Neurosurgical Training -- 5. Synthetic Replica for Training in Microsurgical Anastomosis: An Important Frontier in Neurosurgical Education -- 6. Endovascular Surgical Neuroradiology Simulation -- PART III. BIOLOGICAL MODELS SIMULATION -- 7. Biological Models for Neurosurgical Training in Microanastomosis -- 8. Pseudo Aneurysm Surgery Simulation Using the "Live Cadaver" Model for Neurosurgical Education -- 9. Use of Cadaveric Models in Simulation Training in Spinal Procedures -- 10. The Use of Simulation in the Training for Spinal Cord Stimulation for Treatment of Chronic Pain -- PART IV. VIRTUAL REALITY SIMULATION -- 11. Introduction to Haptics -- 12. Competency Assessment in Virtual Reality-Based Simulation in Neurosurgical Training -- 13. Patient-specific Virtual Reality Simulation for Minimally-invasive Neurosurgery -- 14. Role of Immersive Touch Simulation in the Neurosurgical Training -- 15. Role of Surgical Simulation in Neurological Surgery and Aneurysm Clipping: The State of the Art -- 16. NeuroVR Simulator in Neurosurgical Training -- 17. Neurosurgical Anatomy and Approaches to Simulation in Neurosurgical Training -- 18. Virtual Reality Simulation for the Spine -- 19. The Use of Simulation in the Training for Laser Interstitial Thermal Therapy for Amydalo-hippocampectomy for Mesial Temporal Lobe Epilepsy -- 20. Future of Visualization and Simulation in Neurosurgery -- PART V. SIMULATION TRAINING COURSES -- 21. The Role of the NREF Endovascular and Cerebrovascular Courses in Neurosurgical Residency and Fellowship Training and Future Directions -- 22. Simulation Training Experience in Neurosurgical Training in Europe -- PART VI. NON-PROCEDURAL TRAINING -- 23. High Fidelity Simulation in Neuroanesthesia -- 24. Neurocritical Care Simulation.