1. Introduction -- 2. Evidence based medicine: levels of evidence and evaluation systems -- 3. Decision analytic techniques and other decision processes -- 4. Decision making - the surgeon's perspective -- 5. Decision making - the patient's perspective -- 6. EBUS vs mediastinoscopy for initial pathologic mediastinal staging in NSCLC -- 7. Is preoperative smoking cessation for lung resection patients effective in reducing surgical morbidity -- 8. Is low tech as good as high tech exercise testing in assessing healthy candidates for lung resection -- 9. Does assessment of frailty and sarcopenia in lung resection candidates affect oatient selection -- 10. Can frailty and sarcopenia be mitigated in lung resection candidates -- 11. Is antibiotic prophylaxis necessary for major lung resection -- 12. Uniportal vs multiportal VATS lobectomy -- 13. Robotic vs VATS for major lung resection -- 14. Does intrapleural therapy for persistent postoperative air leak reduce air leak duration -- 15. Segmentectomy vs lobectomy in patients with good pulmonary function -- 16. Is resection of persistent N2 disease after induction therapy effective -- 17. N2 disease discovered at the time of lung resection - resect or abort? -- 18. Is lung resection safe after immunotherapy -- 19. Is an enhanced recovery programs for lobectomy patients effective in improving surgical outcomes -- 20. Resection vs SBRT for stage I NSCLC in patients with good pulmonary function -- 21. Do endobronchial valves assist in resolution of postoperative persistent air leak -- 22. Is long-term surveillance effective after resection of stage I NSCLC -- 23. Does ECMO for lung failure in ICU patients improve survival -- 24. Does resection of oligometastatic disease in lung cancer patients improve survival -- 25. Is pulmonary metastasectomy effective in prolonging survival -- 26. Resection vs endoscopic therapy for T1bN0 esophageal adenocarcinoma -- 27. Does induction therapy for T2N0 esophageal adenocarcinoma improve survival -- 28. Do enhanced recovery programs for esophagectomy patients improve outcomes -- 29. Does jejunostomy after esophagectomy improve outcomes -- 30. Surgery vs definitive chemoradiotherapy for regionally advanced esophageal squamous cell cancer -- 31. Open vs robotic resection for esophageal adenocarcinoma -- 32. Two-field vs three-field lymphadenectomy for esophageal adenocarcinoma -- 33. Is resection of more nodes better for treating esophageal cancer -- 34. Salvage esophagectomy for persistent disease after definitive chemoradiotherapy -- 35. Early postoperative feeding after esophagectomy -- 36. Stent vs primary repair for esophageal perforation -- 37. Sump therapy vs stenting for esophageal anastomotic leak -- 38. Thoracoscopic vs endoscopic therapy for small submucosal esophageal tumors -- 39. Laparoscopic vs endoscopic therapy for achalasia -- 40. Laparoscopy or endoscopic therapy for recurrent symptoms from achalasia -- 41. Laparoscopy or thoracotomy for symptomatic recurrent paraesophageal hernia -- 42. Does diaphragm pacing for bilateral phrenic nerve paralysis improve function or quality of life -- 43. Does phrenic nerve reconstruction for unilateral diaphragm paralysis improve function or quality of life -- 44. Is plication for diaphragmatic eventration effective in improving function -- 45. Is temporary transvenous pacing effective in ventilator weaning -- 46. Does temporary diaphragm paralysis aid in eliminanting residual pleural space after lung resection -- 47. Is long-term stenting for benign airway obstruction effective -- 48. Are engineered tissues useful for tracheal reconstruction -- 49. Are positive margins acceptable in resection for low grade malignancies -- 50. Optimal management of posttransplant brochial stenosis - stenting or reoperation -- 51. Is tPA/Dnase therapy effective for managing pleural empyema -- 52. VATS vs open management of pleural empyema -- 53. Indewlling catheter vs chemical pleurodesis for symptomatic malignant pleural effusion -- 54. Extended pleurectomy sparing the diaphragm for malignant pleural mesothelioma -- 55. Quality of life: EPD vs EPP -- 56. Does thymectomy improve outcomes for myasthenia gravis -- 57. MRI for evaluation of suspected encapsulated thymoma -- 58. Lobectomy vs thymectomy for encapsulated thymoma -- 59. Robotic vs VATS thymectomy for thymoma -- 60. Resection of mediastinal parathyroid adenomas -- 61. Thymectomy in the setting of pleural metastases -- 62. Sympathectomy for malignant ventricular arrhythmias -- 63. Extent of surgery for palmar hyperhidrosis -- 64. Synthetic vs biologic reconstruction of bony chest wall defects -- 65. Traumatic rib fracture: conservative therapy or surgical fixation? -- 66. Is surgical management of flail chest effective -- 67. Epidural vs regional blocks for VATS and thoracotomy -- 68. Pectus deformities in adults - when is surgery indicated? -- 69. Pectus deformities in adults - Nuss bar vs open repair.