1 What is programming? -- 1.1 An informal introduction -- 1.2 The von Neumann Computer -- 1.3 Rigid thought structures -- 1.4 Programming in the small -- 1.5 Levels of programming -- 1.6 Programming and Computer science -- 2 Metalanguages -- 2.1 Definition of formal languages -- 2.2 Digits and numbers -- 2.3 Names -- 2.4 Arithmetic expressions -- 2.5 Extension for Modula-3 syntax -- 3 The structure of programs -- 3.1 Structuring -- 3.2 Language environment -- 3.3 The statics and dynamics of a program -- 3.4 Structure of Modula-3 programs -- 4 Predefined data types -- 4.1 Integers -- 4.2 Logical type -- 4.3 Characters -- 4.4 Texts -- 4.5 Floating-point numbers -- 5 Statements -- 5.1 The assignment -- 5.2 Structured Statements -- 5.3 Sequence -- 5.4 Branches -- 5.5 Loops -- 6 User-defined simple types -- 6.1 Enumeration -- 6.2 Subranges -- 7 Expressions and declarations -- 7.1 Expressions -- 7.2 Declarations -- 7.3 Equivalence of types -- 7.4 Subtypes -- 7.5 Assignment compatibility -- 7.6 Expression compatibility -- 8 Composite static types -- 8.1 Arrays -- 8.2 Records -- 8.3 Sets -- 8.4 Comparison of arrays, records and sets -- 8.5 Packed data types -- 9 Structuring algorithms -- 9.1 Block structure -- 9.2 Procedures and functions -- 9.3 Modes of parameter passing -- 9.4 Identifying the procedures -- 9.5 Name, type and default value of a parameter -- 9.6 Eval statement -- 9.7 Procedure types -- 10 Modules -- 10.1 Structure -- 10.2 Using modules -- 10.3 An example with graphic elements -- 10.4 Modularization -- 11 Dynamic data structures -- 11.1 Dynamism in static data structures -- 11.2 Dynamic data in Modula-3 -- 11.3 Subtypes -- 11.4 Abstract and encapsulated data types -- 11.5 Dynamic structures -- 12 Recursion -- 12.1 Recursive algorithms -- 12.2 Recursive data structures -- 13 Objects -- 13.1 Object-oriented modeling -- 13.2 Object-oriented programming -- 13.3 Object types in Modula-3 -- 13.4 Encapsulation of object types -- 14 Persistent data structures -- 14.1 Files -- 14.2 Files in Modula-3 -- 14.3 Persistent variables -- 15 Exception handling -- 15.1 Exceptions in a program -- 15.2 Exception handling in Modula-3 -- 15.3 Delaying exception handling -- 15.4 Strategies for exception handling -- 16 Parallel programming -- 16.1 Motivation for parallelism -- 16.2 Parallel programs -- 16.3 Threads in Modula-3 -- 16.4 Shared variables -- 16.5 Message passing -- A small database -- B Language Definition -- C Library interfaces -- D Modula-3 language environments.