I Perspectives from Mathematics -- Military Work in Mathematics 1914-1945: An Attempt at an International Perspective -- The Brains behind the Enigma Code Breaking before the Second World War -- On the Defence Work of A.N. Kolmogorov during World War II -- Improbable Warriors: Mathematicians Grace Hopper and Mina Rees in World War II -- New Mathematical Disciplines and Research in the Wake of World War II -- Mathematics and War in Japan -- Discovery of the Maximum Principle in Optimal Control -- Mickey Flies the Stealth -- II Perspectives from the Military -- War Cannot Be Calculated -- Warfare Can Be Calculated -- Duels of Systems and Forces -- On Facts and Fiction of "Information Warfare" -- More or Less Exposed Non-combatants and Civilian Objects under the Conditions of "Modern Warfare" -- III Ethical Issues -- Nids Bohr's Political Crusade during World War II -- The Military Use of Alan Turing -- The Mathematician K. Ogura and the "Greater East Asia War" -- Working within the System -- Ethics and Military Research -- IV Enlightenment Perspectives -- Mathematical Thinking and International Law -- Calculated Security? Mathematical Modelling of Conflict and Cooperation -- List of Contributors.