Section 1: Introduction -- 1.1 Cognitive Aspects of Human-Computer Interaction for Geographic Information Systems: An Introduction -- 1.2 An Overview of HCI for GIS -- Section 2: Spatial Cognition and HCI for GIS -- 2.1 Spatial Concepts and Cognitive Models for Geographic Information Use -- 2.2 Primitives of Spatial Knowledge -- 2.3 HCI Aspects of a Framework for the Qualitative Representation of Space -- 2.4 Cognitive Issues in the Evolution of GIS User Knowledge -- Section 3: User Behavior -- 3.1 Process Tracing Methods in the Decision Sciences -- 3.2 Cognitive Modelling: Experiences in Human-Computer Interaction -- 3.3 7 ± 2 Questions and Answers about Metaphors for GIS User Interfaces -- 3.4 Feet on the Ground: Studying User-GIS Interaction in the Workplace -- Section 4: User Interfaces -- 4.1 Towards Visual Interfaces for Multi-Source Updating of Geographic Information -- 4.2 Definition of a Visual Language for GIS -- 4.3 Human-Computer Interaction Aspects of Visual-Interactive Locational Analysis -- 4.4 Some Cognitive and Technical Aspects of Hypermaps -- 4.5 Human-Computer Interaction Considerations in Terrain Modelling and Visualization -- 4.6 GIS & Multimedia Applications to Support Environmental Impact Assessment and Local Planning -- 4.7 The Natural Representation of Mapping and Surveying Data: Applying the Virtual Worlds Paradigm -- Section 5: Cross-Cultural Influences -- 5.1 Cultural Differences and Cultural Aspects in GIS -- 5.2 Protocol Analysis for Cross-Cultural GIS Design: The Importance of Encoding Resolution -- Section 6: Collaborative GIS - Computer Supported Cooperative Work -- 6.1 Understanding Collaborative Use of GIS Through Social Cognition -- 6.2 Geographic Interaction in the City Planning Context: Beyond the Multimedia Prototype -- 6.3 Cognitive Task Performance Using a Spatial Decision Support System for Groups -- Section 7: Task Analysis and Design Methodologies -- 7.1 Tasks and Task Descriptions for GIS -- 7.2 A Conceptual Framework for Improving Human-Computer Interaction in Locational Decision-Making -- 7.3 A Task Analysis Approach to the Visualization of Geographic Data -- 7.4 Geographic Information Systems, Work Analysis, and System Design -- 7.5 Cognitive Ergonomics Analysis Methodology -- Section 8: Research Directions : Reports from the Discussion Groups -- Section 8: Research Directions : Reports from the Discussion Groups -- Appendix: NATO Advanced Research Workshop Participants.