1 Communication Elements Constraining Animal Learning and Performance -- Odor of Nonreward -- Agonistic Postures -- A Concluding Comment -- References -- 2 Animal Communication -- Some Primordia for Communication -- Mutualism as a Criterion for Communication -- Genetics of Social Cooperation -- The Choice of a Medium -- Animal Semantics -- Discrete and Graded Repertoires -- Specific Distinctiveness in Animal Signals -- Experimental Use of Synthetic Signals -- The Uses of Animal Signals -- Manifestations of Emotional State, or Something More? -- Learning and Signal Development -- Apes with Language? -- The Design of Animal Societies -- References -- 3 Application of the Concept of Levels of Organization to the Study of Animal Communication -- The Energy Source-the Emitter -- The Energy Receiver-the Responder -- Concluding Remarks -- Acknowledgments -- References -- 4 Social and Pharmacological Influences on the Nonverbal Communication of Monkeys and Man -- Cooperative Conditioning in Animals -- Effects of Psychoactive Drugs on Nonverbal and Social Behavior -- Psychoactive Drugs and Nonverbal Communication -- Psychoactive Drugs and Group Social Behavior -- Cooperative-Conditioning Experiments in Man -- General Discussion and Summary -- Acknowledgments -- References -- 5 Pheromonal Sex Attractants in the Norway Rat -- The Responses of Male Rats to the Female Sex Attractant -- The Responses of Female Rats to the Male Sex Attractant -- Summary, Thus Far -- The Responses of Rats to Odors from Individual Sex Partners -- The Sources of Pheromonal Sex Attractants in Rats -- Electrophysiological Responses to Pheromonal Sex Attractants in Rats -- The Responses of Immature Rats to Pheromonal Sex Attractants -- The Responses of Rats to the Homotypical Sex Attractants -- Acknowledgments -- References -- 6 Information Transfer in Honey Bees: A Population Approach -- Emergence of Anomalies -- Odors Detectors as Vector Selectors of Nectar Collectors -- Food Getting-a Study in Communication -- Acknowledgments -- References -- 7 Communication in Mother-Infant Interaction -- 8 The Communication of Affect Among Rodents Through Mother- Young Interactions -- Studies of Mice Reared with Rat Mothers or Rat Aunts -- Effects of Postweaning Social Interactions between Mice and Rats -- Effects of Maternal Emotionality in the Rat on the Offspring's Emotionality -- Nongenetic Communication of Affect Across Generations -- Conclusions -- Acknowledgments -- References.