1 Theory and Research in Social Psychology -- What Is Social Psychology? -- The Shaping of Modern Social Psychology -- Theory in the Development of a Scholarly Profession -- The Development of Observational Skills -- Purposes of Theory -- Theory and Social Understanding -- Theory as a Sensitizing Device -- Theory as Liberation: The Critical Approach -- The Fruits of Research -- The Documentation of Social Life -- Social Prediction -- Demonstration of Theory -- Major Theoretical Paradigms in Social Psychology -- The Behaviorist Paradigm: A Living Tradition -- The Cognitive Paradigm: Turning Inward -- The Rule-Role Paradigm. Focus on Relationships -- Summary -- Theoretical Perspectives and Human Values -- Research Methods in Social Psychology -- Archival Study: Adventures in History -- Field Observation -- Interviews, Diaries, and Surveys -- Experimental Research -- Experimenter Bias -- Subject Selection -- Meta-Analysis -- Ethical Issues in Research -- Summary -- Useful Terms -- Suggested Readings -- Boxes -- Box 1-1 Two Early View of Social Psychology -- Box 1-2 The Politics of Social Knowledge -- Box 1-3 Gestures Across Space and Time -- 2 The Construction of the Social World -- Foundations of Social Perception -- Concepts: Sources of Survival -- Conceptual Biases: Sources of Dismay -- Concepts and the Lost Person -- Concepts and Leftover Reality -- The Development of Concepts -- Natural Categories and Social Prototypes -- Concept Learning -- Lighting a Fire with Language -- Concept Application: People Making -- Criteria of Family Resemblance -- Motivated Perception: Desire on the Loose -- The Context and the Base Rate -- The Organization of Social Understanding -- Bottom Up: From Asch to Association -- Top-Down: The Self-Interested Schema -- Going Beyond the Information Given -- Person Memory -- Which Schema Wins: The Case of Priming -- Summary -- Attribution of Causality -- Scientists in Miniature: The Kelley Model -- The Rule of Distinctiveness -- The Rule of Consensus -- The Rule of Consistency -- The Choice of Rules -- The Differing Perspectives of Actor and Audience -- Self-Serving Bias in Causal Attribution -- In Search of True Cause -- The Social Negotiation of Reality -- Ethnomethods: The Process of Worldmaking -- The "Natural Attitude": Mistaking Convention for Reality -- Summary -- Useful Terms -- Suggested Readings -- Boxes -- Box 2-1 The Perils of the Intuitive Scientist -- Box 2-2 The Fundamental Attribution Error and Judging the Poor -- Box 2-3 The Social Construction of Natural Science -- 3 The Self -- The Development of the Self -- The Looking-Glass Self -- Social Comparison: Beware of Your Companions -- Role Playing: Mask or Reality? -- Social Distinctiveness: "How Do I Differ?" -- Self-Maintenance Strategies: Holding Oneself Together -- Self-Verification: The Production of a True Self -- Biased Attention -- Biased Interpretation -- Affiliation and Presentation -- Information Processing and Self-Maintenance -- Balancing Stability and Change -- Understanding the Emotions -- The Biological View: Emotions as Universals -- The Cognitive View: Attributing Emotions -- The Constructionist View: Emotion as Performance -- The Social Management of the Self -- Self-Presentation, Scripts, and Negotiation -- Self-Monitoring: Toward Improved Strategy -- Self-Awareness: Reflexivity and Standards -- Summary -- Useful Terms -- Suggested Readings -- Boxes -- Box 3-1 Memory Makes It So -- Box 3-2 Social Accountability and Selfhood -- Box 3-3 Self-Handicapping: How to Avoid Losing -- 4 Interpersonal Attraction -- The Creation of Attraction -- The Power of Proximity -- Familiarity and the Mere Exposure Hypothesis -- Rules of Distance: It's Not Who You Are But Where You Are -- Summary -- Physical Beauty -- Initial Attraction: Fair Faces Make Unfair Races -- After the Ball Is Over: The Social Effects Of Beauty -- Beauty Reexamined -- Personal Similarity -- The Joys of Similarity -- Similarity and Complementarity -- Positive Regard: All You Need Is Love -- Information Please: Affiliation and Birth Order -- Close Relationships -- The Course of Intimacy -- A Common Road to Closeness -- Curves in the Road to Closeness: Dialectics and Danger -- Models of Love in Cultural and Historical Perspective -- Long-Term Relationships: Is There Hope? -- Sununary -- Useful Terms -- Suggested Readings -- Boxes -- Box 4-1 What Makes a Person Beautiful? -- Box 4-2 Loneliness -- 5 Prejudice and Discrimination -- Prejudice and Discrimination: What Are They? -- The Effects of Discrimination -- Target: Self-Esteem -- The Will to Fail -- Discrimination Is Self-Fulfilling. The Pygmalion Effect -- Protest Against the Liberal Line -- Roots of Prejudice -- Early Socialization: Setting the Stage -- The Case of Authoritarianism -- The Media and Prejudice -- Summary -- Prejudice and Payoff -- Intergroup Competition and Social Identity -- Dissimilarity Breeds Discontent -- Summary -- The Maintenance of Prejudice -- Social Support: Sharing Prejudices -- Attitude Salience: At the Top of the Mind -- Stereotypes: Convenient Quicksand -- A Cognitive Base for Stereotypes -- Stereotypes: Pro and Con -- Reduction of Prejudice -- Contact: When Does Getting Together Help? -- Education and the Reduction of Prejudice -- Consciousness Raising -- Summary -- Useful Terms -- Suggested Readings -- Boxes -- Box 5-1 Homophobia: Hatred of Homosexuals -- Box 5-2 Stigma -- Box 5-3 Androgyny: Toward a New Gender -- 6 Attitude Change -- Attitude Structure -- Accessibility and Centrality of Attitudes -- Cognitive Balance -- Communication and Persuasion -- The Communicator -- Communicator Credibility and the Sleeper Effect -- Communicator Attractiveness -- Expressed Intention: The Effects of Forewarning -- The Message -- One Side, Two Sides, and a Conclusion -- The Wages of Fear -- The Communication Channel -- The Audience -- Positive Bias: Agreement at Any Cost -- Inoculation Against Persuasion -- Personality and Persuadability -- The Communication Environment -- Summary -- Cognition and Attitude Change -- Cognitive Dissonance -- Changing Attitudes Through Changing Behavior -- Forced Compliance: When Reward Fails -- Selectivity in Exposure, Learning, and Memory -- Summary -- Information Processing -- Central and Peripheral Routes to Persuasion -- Environmental Information -- Self-Perception: "To Be Is to Do" -- Memory Scanning: Self-Generated Attitude Change -- Summary -- Attitudes and Behavior: The Critical Question -- Answering the Attitudes-Behavior Question -- The Fishbein Model for Behavioral Prediction -- Summary -- Useful Terms -- Suggested Readings -- Boxes -- Box 6-1 Measuring Attitudes: Which Coke for You? -- Box 6-2 Assimilation Versus Contrast: Dividing the World into Black and White -- Box 6-3 When Prophecy Fails -- 7 Altruism: Giving and Receiving Help -- Assessing One's Self: Personal Gain Through Giving -- Does the Action Bring Pleasure? -- Can I Avoid Pain? The Empathic Response -- Do I Have the Resources to Help? The Warm-Glow Effect -- Summary -- Assessing the Needy -- Is the Need Noticeable? The Problem of Self-Preoccupation -- Is Help Deserved? The Just-World Hypothesis -- Is the Recipient Attractive? -- Summary -- Assessing the Social Context -- Are Other Helpers Available? Bystander Intervention -- Is There Safety in Numbers? -- Who Is Helping? The Effects of Norms and Models -- Summary -- Are There Good Samaritans Among Us? Socialization Versus Situationism -- Is the Child the Parent of the Adult? Longitudinal Research -- Transsituational Consistency in Character -- Is Situationalism the Answer? -- The Interactionist Solution -- Reactions to Help: When Gifts Prove Unkind -- Aid as Manipulation -- Aid as a Threat to Self-Esteem -- Aid as an Obligation -- Summary -- Summary -- Useful Terms -- Suggested Readings -- Boxes -- Box 7-1 Dead on Arrival ...

Or Is He? -- Box 7-2 Crime and the Not-So-Innocent Bystander -- Box 7-3 Help Seekers: Tattered or Tactical? -- 8 Aggression -- Defining Aggression -- The Biological Basis of Aggression -- The Instinct to Aggress -- Does Biology Dictate Destiny? -- Learning to Be Aggressive -- Reward and Punishment in Action -- Modeling: Seeing Is Being -- The Plight of the Punishing Model -- The Effects of Media Violence -- Emotion and Aggression -- Frustration and Aggression -- Generalized Arousal and Aggression -- Sex, Pornography, and Aggression -- Drugs and Aggression -- Reducing Aggression: The Emotional Approach -- Catharsis: Getting It Off Your Chest -- The Rechanneling of Arousal -- Summary -- Aggression as Cultural Drama -- The Cast: Definition and Deindividuation -- Props and the Presence of Weapons -- Scripts of Violence -- Summary -- Useful Terms -- Suggested Readings -- Boxes -- Box 8-1 The Battered Child -- Box 8-2 Rape -- Box 8-3 Sports and the Violent Spectator -- 9 Social Influence -- The Whys of Uniformity -- Following the Rules: Social Norms -- Following the Model: Social Contagion -- Social Comparison: When in Doubt -- Conformity and Obedience -- The Asch Findings: The Problem of Believing One's Eyes -- Advances in Understanding Conformity -- Is There a Conforming Personality? -- Obedience to Authority -- Conditions of Obedience -- The Obedience Controversy -- Summary -- The Effects of Power on the Powerful -- Negative Effects of Power: The Stanford Prison Study -- Power Corrupts: From Acton to Kipnis -- Resistance to Influence -- Psychological Wellsprings of Independence -- Reactance: The Need to Be Free -- Uniqueness: The Need to Be Different -- Altering the Conditions for Social Control -- Social Support for Nonconformity -- Influence Techniques: Do You Want to Buy the Brooklyn Bridge? -- Minority Influence -- Moving the Majority -- Behavioral Style of the Winning Minority -- Summary -- Useful Terms -- Suggested Readings -- Boxes -- Box 9-1 The Side Effects of a College Education: The Bennington Study -- Box 9-2 Having Your Own Way: Power Strategies in Close Relati.