1 The Concept Of Nature: A Psychologist's View -- Toward a Perceptually Based Ecology of Natural Environments -- Alternative Views of Nature in Psychological Terms -- Conclusion: Nature as a "Natural" Category -- References -- 2 Methodological Issues in the Assessment Of Landscape Quality -- Landscape-Assessment Models -- Ecological Model -- Formal Aesthetic Model -- Psychophysical Model -- Psychological Model -- Phenomenological Model -- Conclusion -- References -- 3 Aesthetic and Affective Response to Natural Environment -- Defining Affective and Aesthetic Response -- Toward a Theory of Affective Response to Natural Environment -- Visual Properties Influencing Aesthetic Preference and Interest -- Cultural Influences on Aesthetic Preference -- Aesthetic Response to Natural versus Built Environments -- Other Affective-Arousal Responses to Natural versus Urban Visual Environment -- Summary and Directions for Research -- References -- 4 The Role of Nature in the Urban Context -- Preference for Urban Nature: Content and Process -- The View from Home -- Satisfaction from Urban Nature -- Urban Nature and Quality of Life -- References -- 5 Psychological Benefits of a Wilderness Experience -- A Closer Look at the Wilderness Experience: The Outdoor Challenge Research Program -- Analysis of Wilderness Journals: Exploring Processes, Searching for Mechanisms -- Areas of Theoretical Interest -- The Emergence of Psychological Benefits -- Concluding Comments -- References -- 6 Recreational Needs and Behavior in Natural Settings -- Recreation, Nature, and Expected Outcomes -- Conclusion -- References -- 7 Affective, Cognitive, and Evaluative Perceptions of Animals -- Basic Attitudes toward Animals -- Knowledge of Animals -- Attitudes toward Animal-Related Issues and Problems -- Symbolic Perceptions of Animals -- Policy and Management Implications -- References -- 8 Social and Behavioral Aspects of the Carrying Capacity of Natural Environments -- The Multidimensioned Environment-User Relationship -- Carrying Capacity Exceeded: Two Examples -- Conceptual Development -- Recreational Carrying Capacity -- Anthropologists and Carrying Capacity -- Future Directions of Research -- References -- 9 Contributions of Behavioral Scientists to Recreation Resource Management -- Skills Needed by Recreation Policymakers and Managers -- An Applied Perspective -- Policy and Management Issues Related to Behavioral Research -- References.