1 The Study of Motivation: Issues and Approaches -- Everyday Experiences and Three Issues -- Naive Explanations of Behavior -- An Explanation for Nonoccurring Behavior -- The Consistency Paradox -- Person-Specific Behavior -- Motive as an Explanatory Concept -- Motivation -- Intention Formation and Volition -- Action -- Postaction Phase -- The Chapter in Retrospect -- 2 Historical Trends in Motivation Research -- The Generation of Pioneers -- The Psychology of the Will -- The Instinct Theory Approach -- Personality Theories -- Associationist Theories -- Preview -- 3 Trait Theories of Motivation -- Trait Theories of Motivation: Motives -- Basic Emotions as a Rudimentary Motivation System -- Taxonomic Problems of Motive Classification Systems -- 4 Situational Determinants of Behavior -- Stimulus-Response Association -- Need and Drive -- Drive Theory -- Acquired Drives, Drive as a Strong Stimulus -- Conflict Theory -- Activation Theories -- Toward a Cognitive Appraisal of the Situation -- Emotion as an Outcome of a Cognitive Appraisal -- Appraisal of Threatening Situations -- Cognitive Balance -- Cognitive Dissonance -- Cognitive Appraisal Theories and Motivational Psychology -- 5 Motivation as a Function of Expectancy and Incentive -- Field Theory -- Experimental Contributions of Field Theory -- Tolman's Analysis of Goal-Directed Behavior -- Expectancy and Incentive Conceptualized in S-R Terms -- More Recent Developments -- Expectancy-Value Theories -- Decision Theory -- Level of Aspiration and the Theory of Resultant Valence -- Atkinson's Risk-Taking Model -- Rotter's Social Learning Theory -- Instrumentality Theory -- 6 Volition: Implementation of Intentions -- Ach's Psychology of the Will -- Three Types of Volition Problems -- Kuhl's Theory of Action Control -- The Rubicon Model of Action Phases -- 7 Anxiety -- General Anxiety -- Test Anxiety -- 8 Achievement Motivation -- Evolutionary Psychological Perspectives -- Motive Measurement -- Behavioral Correlates of Motive Differences -- Socio-Cultural Motive Indices and Economic Growth -- Sex-Differences and "Fear of Success" -- The Risk-Taking Model as the Dominant Research Orientation -- Choice: Maximal Product of Expectancy and Incentive -- Persistence -- "Inertial Tendency" of the Unfinished -- Performance Outcomes -- Efficiency of Task Performance -- Cumulative Achievement -- Reference Norms for Performance Outcomes -- The Preeminence of Individual Reference Norms within Motivation -- 9 Altruism -- Sociobiological Perspectives -- Research Direction -- Situational Conditions -- Norms -- Evaluative Perspectives for the Donor and Recipient of Aid -- Empathy -- Personality Dispositions -- Towards a Motivational Model of Altruism -- Altruism within an Expectancy-Times-Value Model -- 10 Aggression -- Definitions -- Biological Perspectives -- Norms -- Evolution of the Research Activity -- Situational Factors in Aggressive Behavior -- An Attributional Analysis -- Emotion of Anger and General State of Arousal -- Individual Differences and Preliminary Conceptualization of the Motive -- Aggression as Action Goal: The Catharsis Hypothesis -- 11 Social Bonding: Affiliation Motivation and Intimacy Motivation -- Ontogenetic and Phylogenetic Aspects of Social Bonding -- Affiliation Motivation -- Need Affiliation -- Physiological and Neuroimmunological Correlates -- Questionnaires -- Intimacy Motivation -- 12 Power Motivation -- Motive Base -- Sources of Power -- Power Behavior -- Biological Aspects -- Individual Differences in Power Behavior: Power Motive -- Definitions of Motive -- Combination of Values and Expectancy -- Inhibited Power Motive, Immune System, and Health-Related Consequences -- Constellations of Power, Achievement, and Affiliation -- 13 Attribution Theory -- Causal Attribution in the Motivational Process -- Historical Review of the Issues and Related Research Areas -- Fundamental Positions and Models -- Four Broader Issues -- The Motivational Bias Question -- Perspective Discrepancy between Actor and Observer -- Attribution of Responsibility -- 14 Attribution and Achievement Behavior -- Categories of Causal Dimensions -- Constellation of Conditions for Invoking Particular Causal Elements -- Motive-Dependent Differences in Attributions -- Consequences of the Attribution of Success and Failure -- Location Dimension: Self-Evaluative Emotions -- Control Dimension: Evaluation of Others and Self Affect -- Causal Dimensions and Emotions -- Effects on Behavior -- Self-Evaluation a Motivation Principle -- Application: "Attribution Therapy" -- Contributions of Attribution Theory to Achievement Motivation Theory -- 15 Expanded Perspectives -- Intrinsic and Extrinsic Motivation -- An Expanded Motivation Model -- Motivational Shifts: Atkinson and Birch's "Dynamic Action Model" -- Learned Helplessness -- Self-Concepts -- Name Index.