Applied Biochemistry and Biotechnology is devoted to publishing innovative papers in the fields of biochemistry and biotechnology. Though the typical focus of the journal is to report applications of novel scientific and technological breakthroughs, quality papers on technological subjects that are still in the proof-of-concept stage will also be considered. In addition, Applied Biochemistry and Biotechnology will provide a forum for practical concepts of biotechnology, utilization, including controls, statistical data analysis, problem descriptions unique to a particular application, and bioprocess economic analyses. In this regard, case studies are of particular interest. Applied Biochemistry and Biotechnology accepts previously unpublished work dealing with any of the areas of interest outlined above. Pertinent reviews of special interest to its readers will be considered. Meeting and symposia notices, and news items relating to biotechnology in both the industrial and academic communities are welcome. In addition, we often publish a list of patents and publications of special interest to our readers. .