Section 1: Theories of motivation. Common and distinctive approaches to motivation in different disciplines / T. Strombach, S. Strang, S.Q. Park, P. Kenning -- A benefit-cost framework of motivation for a specific activity / B. Studer, S. Knecht -- Control feedback as the motivational force behind habitual behavior / O. Nafcha, E.T. Higgins, B. Eitam -- Section 2: Assessing motivation. Quantifying motivation with effort-based decision-making paradigms in health and disease / T.T.-J. Chong, V. Bonnelle, M. Husain -- Section 3: The neurobiology of motivation. Brain correlates of the intrinsic subjective cost of effort in sedentary volunteers / J. Bernacer, I. Martinez-Valbuena, M. Martinez, N. Pujol, E. Luis, D. Ramirez-Castillo, M.A. Pastor -- To work or not to work: Neural representation of cost and benefit of instrumental action / N.B. Kroemer, C. Burrasch, L. Hellrung -- Involvement of opioid signaling in food preference and motivation: Studies in laboratory animals / I. Morales, L. Font, P.J. Currie, R. Pastor -- Exploring individual differences in task switching: Persistence and other personality traits related to anterior cingulate cortex function / A. Umemoto, C.B. Holroyd -- Competition, testosterone, and adult neurobehavioral plasticity / A.B. Losecaat Vermeer, I. Riečanský, C. Eisenegger -- Fatigue with up- vs downregulated brain arousal should not be confused / U. Hegerl, C. Ulke -- Section 4: Targeting motivation: novel approaches to enhancing motivation, activity and learning in health and disease. Intrinsic motivation, curiosity, and learning: Theory and applications in educational technologies / P.-Y. Oudeyer, J. Gottlieb, M. Lopes -- Applied economics: The use of monetary incentives to modulate behavior / S. Strang, S.Q. Park, T. Strombach, P. Kenning -- Rewarding feedback promotes motor skill consolidation via striatal activity / M. Widmer, N. Ziegler, J. Held, A. Luft, K. Lutz -- How motivation and reward learning modulate selective attention / A. Bourgeois, L. Chelazzi, P. Vuilleumier -- Motivation and attention following hemispheric stroke / E. Olgiati, C. Russell, D. Soto, P. Malhotra -- Increasing self-directed training in neurorehabilitation patients through competition / B. Studer, H. Van Dijk, R. Handermann, S. Knecht -- The role of dopamine in the pathophysiology and treatment of apathy / T.T.-J. Chong, M. Husain -- Changing health behavior motivation from I-must to I-want / S. Knecht, P. Kenning -- Section 5: Conclusions. Motivation: What have we learned and what is still missing? / B. Studer, S. Knecht.