Front Cover; Anxiety; Copyright; Former Editors; Contents; Contributors; Preface; Chapter One: Stress, Anxiety, and Immunomodulation: A Pharmacological Analysis; 1. Introduction; 2. Mechanism of Stress Response; 3. Stress, CNS, and Behavior; 4. Stress and Anxiety; 5. Stress and Various Anxiolytic Drugs; 6. Stress and Immunity; 7. Stress, Anxiety, and Immunomodulation; References; Chapter Two: Estrogen Receptors Modulation of Anxiety-Like Behavior; 1. Introduction; 2. Nuclear Estrogen Receptor Form and Function; 3. Estrogen Receptor Alpha; 4. Estrogen Receptor Beta

5. G-Protein-Coupled Estrogen Receptor6. Cross Talk Between Estrogen Receptors; 7. Mechanisms for Estrogen Receptor Effects on Anxiety; 7.1. Effects on the Hypothalamo-Pituitary-Adrenal Axis; 7.2. Effects on the Serotonergic System; 7.3. Effects on the Oxytocinergic System; 8. Conclusions; References; Chapter Three: Neuroendocrine Underpinnings of Increased Risk for Posttraumatic Stress Disorder in Women; 1. Introduction; 1.1. Women and PTSD; 1.2. Sex Differences in the Brain and in Behavior; 1.2.1. Estrogen; 1.2.2. Progesterone/Allopregnanolone

1.3. Reproductive Hormones Influence Stress Axis Function1.4. Translational Approaches to Uncovering Sex-Specific Differences in PTSD; 1.4.1. RDoC Constructs; 2. Case Example: PACAP Receptor Genetics; References; Chapter Four: The Big Role of Small RNAs in Anxiety and Stress-Related Disorders; 1. Introduction; 2. Epigenetics; 3. MicroRNAs; 4. Insights into miRNAs Through the Use of Animal Models; 5. Investigating miRNAs in Anxiety Disorders; 5.1. miRSNPs and Variants Within miRNA Genes; 5.2. Differential Expression of miRNAs; 5.3. The Role of miRNAs in Pharmacotherapies for Anxiety Disorders

6. ConclusionAcknowledgments; References; Chapter Five: Natriuretic Peptides in Anxiety and Panic Disorder; 1. Neuroendocrine Factors in Anxiety and Fear-Related Disorders; 2. Molecular Mechanisms Involved in Natriuretic Peptide Synthesis; 3. Expression of Natriuretic Peptides and Their Receptors in the Brain; 4. Physiological Actions of Natriuretic Peptides in the Brain; 5. Neuroprotective Effects of Natriuretic Peptides; 6. Evidence of Anxiolytic-Like Effects of ANP; References; Chapter Six: Role of Nitric Oxide in Stress-Induced Anxiety: From Pathophysiology to Therapeutic Target

1. Introduction1.1. Stress; 1.2. Anxiety as Response to Stress; 1.3. Nitric Oxide Mechanism in Stress-Induced Anxiety-Like Behavior; 1.4. Mechanisms Leading to Stress-Induced NO Surge; 1.5. Therapeutics Targeting NO Mechanisms in Stress-Induced Anxiety-Like Behavior; 2. Summary; Acknowledgment; References; Chapter Seven: Nitric Oxide and Anxiety; 1. Introduction; 2. Nitric Oxide; 2.1. Biosynthesis of Nitric Oxide; 2.2. NO and Signal Transduction Mechanism; 2.3. Nitric Oxide and Central Nervous System; 2.4. Nitric Oxide-Cytotoxicity vs Cytoprotection: A Question of Balance