Front Cover; Human Embryonic Stem Cells in Development; Copyright; Contents; Contributors; Preface; Chapter One: Modeling Mammalian Gastrulation With Embryonic Stem Cells; 1. Introduction; 2. Mathematical Preliminaries; 3. Colony Architecture; 3.1. Growth in Two-Dimensional Micropatterns; 3.2. Three-Dimensional Culture Systems; 4. Spatial Patterning of Cell Fates; 4.1. Micropatterned Two-Dimensional Culture Systems; 4.2. Three-Dimensional Culture Systems; 5. Conclusions; Acknowledgment; References; Chapter Two: What Can Stem Cell Models Tell Us About Human Germ Cell Biology?; 1. Introduction

2. Signaling for Germ Cell Specification in Mammalian Embryos3. Permissive Cell State for Germ Cell Specification in the Embryo; 4. Inducing Germline Competency in Pluripotent Stem Cells; 5. Transcription Factors for Human Germ Cell Specification and Epigenetic Resetting; 6. In Vitro Germ Cell Induction Beyond PGC Specification; 7. Misregulation of Germ Cell Development; 7.1. Germ Cell Tumors; 7.2. Inheritance of Epigenetic Mutations Through the Germline; 7.3. Inheritance of Mitochondria Through the Female Germline; 8. Perspective; Acknowledgments; References; Further Reading

Chapter Three: From Human Pluripotent Stem Cells to Cortical Circuits1. Introduction; 2. Conserved Features of Mammalian Corticogenesis; 2.1. Early Cortical/Telencephalic Induction: It Is All in the Beginning; 2.2. Cortical Neurogenesis: In Vitro Generation of a Complex Repertoire of Cortical Neurons; 2.2.1. Pyramidal Neurons; 2.2.2. Cortical Interneurons; 3. Cortical Organoids: Adding a New Dimension in Cortical Modeling; 4. Divergent Features of Corticogenesis; 4.1. Temporal Dynamics of Corticogenesis; 4.2. Progenitor Diversity

5. Modeling Early Neurodevelopmental Disorders Striking the Human Cortex5.1. Primary Microcephaly; 5.2. Lissencephaly; 5.3. Macrocephaly; 6. Modeling Late Neurodevelopment of the Human Cortex; 6.1. Diseases Affecting Neuronal Maturation and Synapse Formation; 6.2. Evolution and Neoteny in the Human Cortex; 7. Conclusion and Perspective; Acknowledgments; References; Further Reading; Chapter Four: Studying the Brain in a Dish: 3D Cell Culture Models of Human Brain Development and Disease; 1. Introduction; 2. Directed Differentiation of Human CNS Cell Types From iPSCs

2.1. Making Brain Cells in 2D2.2. 3D Human Brain Models: Patterned and Unpatterned Models; 3. Future Prospects for Improved 3D Brain Models; 4. Modeling Neuropsychiatric Disease In Vitro; 5. 2D and 3D Models of Neuropsychiatric Disease; 6. Conclusions; References; Chapter Five: The Long Road to Making Muscle In Vitro; 1. Overview of Muscle Development; 2. Sox2+/T+ Neuromesodermal Progenitors (NMPs) Represent the First Step in Myogenic Differentiation In Vitro; 3. PSM Formation From NMPs; 4. Crossing the Determination Front