An overview of muscle atrophy -- Myofibers -- Muscle mass, quality, and composition changes during atrophy and sarcopenia -- Muscle changes during atrophy -- Skeleton muscle damage in intorauterine growth restriction -- The role of IGF-1 signaling in skeletal muscle atrophy -- mTOR signaling pathway and protein synthesis: from training to aging and muscle autophagy -- Past, present and future perspective of targeting myostatin and related signaling pathways to counteract muscle atrophy -- Hormones and muscle atrophy -- Ubiquitin-proteasome pathway and muscle atrophy -- Noncoding RNAs in muscle atrophy -- NF-kB and inflammatory cytokine signalling; role in skeletal muscle atrophy -- Redox homeostasis in age-related muscle atrophy -- Disturbed Ca2+ homeostasis in muscle wasting disorders -- Muscle atrophy in cancer -- The molecular mechanisms and prevention principles of muscle atrophy in aging -- Muscle atrophy in cardiovascular diseases -- Muscle atrophy in chronic kidney diseases -- Sarcopenia in liver disease: current evidence and issues to be resolved -- Muscle atrophy measurement as assessment method for low back pain patients -- Drugs of muscle wasting and their therapeutic targets -- Nutritional support to counteract muscle atrophy -- Nutritional considerations in preventing muscle atrophy -- Physical exercise for muscle atrophy -- To contrast and reverse skeletal muscle atrophy by Full-Body In-Bed Gym, a mandatory life-style for older olds and borderline mobility impaired persons -- Overview of FES-assisted cycling approaches and their benefits on functional rehabilitation and muscle atrophy -- The reversal of atrophy in human skeletal muscles by home-based Functional Electrical Stimulation after complete SCI lower motor neuron denervation -- Preverting muscle atrophy following strokes- a reappraisal -- Muscle atrophy: present and future.