This book presents concise chapters written by internationally respected experts on various important aspects of translational cancer genomics, offering a comprehensive overview of the onco-omics applications in the new era of cancer personal genomics research field. Being a complex disease that affects millions of people worldwide, cancer research has assumed great significance. Translational cancer research transforms scientific discoveries in the laboratory into clinical application to reduce incidence of cancer, morbidity and mortality. In the other hand, personalized medicine in cancer is the concept that selection of a treatment should be tailored according to the individual patient's specific genomic characteristics, including mutations, chromosomal aberrations, protein interactions, and even more, considering the immune system, the metabolism and in the near future the microbiome, all areas nowadays related in the prognosis and treatment of cancer patients. These contributions are either critical reviews or clinical and basic research reports. The topics discussed here include evidence-based medicine and provides useful information on translational cancer research to clinicians and biomedical scientists in order to offer another vision of cancer origin beyond the traditional causes or the oncogenic maintenance concept proposed by the oncogene addiction theory.